... Table 2. Difference vs. income elasticities. Study, Difference elasticity, Income elasticity. Agthe
and Billings (1980), −0.112 to −0.412, 1.33–7.829. Billings and Agthe (1980), −0.123, Billings
(1982), −0.075 to −0.14, 1.68–2.14. Agthe et al. (1986), −0.14 to −0.25, ...

... estimates for price elasticities are excluded, yielding a sample of 124 observations, with a mean
price elastic- ity of ... Absolute Value Price Elasticity Linear Box-Cox Linear Box-Cox Linear
Box-Cox ... 79(2) Dalhuisen et al.: Price and Income Elasticities of Residential Water Demand ...

... Nieswiadomy and Molina: Residential Water Demand 285 TABLE 3 WATER DEMAND
ESTIMATES UNDER DECREASING BLOCK RATES IV First Stage Estimates INSTRUMENT
for ... 0.26 0.31 0.58 0.70 PRICE- ELASTICITY -0.68* -0.09 - 0.36* INCOME- ELASTICITY 0.07 0.20 ...

... Elastic- ities associated with explanatory variables are listed by regression in Table 4 ... The income
elasticity estimates are centrally located in the range ob- served in previous studies ... income
variable representing subtractions from or additions to consumer income resulting from ...

... Incorrect model specification often leads to severe biases in demand elasticities. ... In particular,
they emphasize the higher sensitivity of low- income households to an increase in the ... in order
to produce unbiased parameter esti- mates, hence unbiased price-elasticity esti- mates. ...

... energy price increases between the time of housing choice and 1975, or an imperfectly elastic
housing market ... by the analogue of (27) with 4ej replaced by gas consumption (in KWH equivalents);
the elasticity of Pi ... Income less energy cost (chosen alternative)($) NETINC 16710 ...

... sprinkling demands, so important to system design, are inelastic in the west but relatively elastic
in the ... the impli- cation is that, because of the small total ex- penditure on water, income effects
of ... Elasticity is also closely related to the financial impact of a price change on the utility ...

... Models using cross-sectional data for one time period do not yield statistically different price elastic
estimates than those that used time series. ... Page 5. ESPEY ET AL.: PRICE ELASTICITY OF
RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND 1373 ... Income -0.50* (-1.96) -0.02 (-0.02) -0.19 (-0.53) ...

... Billings and Agthe: Price Elasticities ... during winter months each year (cents per 100 cubic feet),
Y = personal income per household (dollars per month), and W ... inclusion of a large number of
such households would result in an underesti- mation of the price elasticity of demand ...

... choice model produces price elasticity estimates near -1.6, which are much more elastic than
previously ... 1 First, the objective of most empirical studies is to determine the price elasticity of
the ... The vir- tual prices and income defined by [12] are used in the conventional ordinary ...