Headline results
One line per meta-analysis: the result the paper itself headlines, after correcting for publication bias. Each is the answer to a question someone actually asks, with the caveat that belongs to it, the evidence it rests on, and a citation.
Figures last assembled 2026-08-04. Each is the paper's own headline result; the paper's page carries the full abstract, the data and the code.
Read the caveat before you reuse a number. Definitions, samples and units differ across literatures, and a corrected mean is not a law of nature. The paper's own page carries the full abstract, the data and the code; the figure here is a summary of it, not a substitute for it. The same table is available as a spreadsheet: estimates.csv, which also carries the sentence in the paper each figure came from.
Macroeconomics
How much do house prices fall after a monetary policy rate hike?
Effect of monetary policy on house prices: corrected for publication bias and misspecification, a 1.2% fall in house prices per 1-percentage-point policy rate rise, peaking after two years (correcting for publication bias alone gives 0.23%, but conditioning on best practice offsets it), based on 1,555 estimates from 237 impulse responses in 37 studies (Ehrenbergerova et al. 2023, IMF Economic Review).
Cite as Dominika Ehrenbergerova, Josef Bajzik, Tomas Havranek (2023), "When Does Monetary Policy Sway House Prices? A Meta-Analysis." IMF Economic Review 71, 538-573.
How do structural reforms affect growth in transition countries?
Effect of structural reforms on economic growth: reforms in transition countries cost growth in the short run but raise it strongly in the long run, and that holds after correcting for publication bias, based on 60 studies with 537 estimates (Babecky and Havranek 2014, Economics of Transition).
Cite as Jan Babecky & Tomas Havranek (2014), "Structural Reforms and Growth in Transition: A Meta-Analysis." Economics of Transition 22(1), pp. 13-42.
What is the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption?
Elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption: corrected for publication bias, 0.3-0.4 (micro estimates for asset holders; macro mean zero), based on 2,735 estimates from 169 published studies (Havranek 2015, Journal of the European Economic Association).
Cite as Tomas Havranek (2015), "Measuring Intertemporal Substitution: The Importance of Method Choices and Selective Reporting." Journal of the European Economic Association 13(6), 1180-1204.
What is the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor?
Elasticity of substitution between capital and labor: the meta-analytic estimate is 0.3 (best-practice specification; the mean reported estimate is 0.9), based on 3,186 estimates from 121 studies (Gechert et al. 2022, Review of Economic Dynamics).
Cite as Sebastian Gechert, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Dominika Kolcunova (2022), "Measuring Capital-Labor Substitution: The Importance of Method Choices and Publication Bias." Review of Economic Dynamics 45, 55-82.
How large is the excess sensitivity of consumption to anticipated income?
Excess sensitivity of consumption to anticipated income changes: the estimate corrected for aggregation and publication bias is 0.11, against a mean reported estimate of 0.37, based on about 3,000 estimates from 144 studies (Havranek and Sokolova 2020, Review of Economic Dynamics).
The site records this figure as medium confidence.
Cite as Tomas Havranek & Anna Sokolova (2020), "Do Consumers Really Follow a Rule of Thumb? Three Thousand Estimates from 144 Studies Say `Probably Not'." Review of Economic Dynamics 35(1), 97-122.
What is the optimal long-run inflation rate?
Optimal long-run inflation rate: the meta-analytic estimate is about 0.6% per year (calibration-dominated model literature), based on 777 estimates from 116 primary studies (Opatrny et al. 2026).
Cite as Matej Opatrny, Martin Opatrny, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Mojmir Hampl (2026), "Optimal Inflation Rate: A Meta-Analysis." Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/inflation.
Do prices rise after a monetary policy tightening?
The price puzzle (prices rising after monetary tightening): it disappears once publication and misspecification biases are corrected, and prices fall instead, bottoming out 0.33% below baseline six months after a 1-percentage-point rate rise, based on about 1,000 estimates from 70 studies (Rusnak et al. 2013, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking).
Cite as Marek Rusnak, Tomas Havranek, & Roman Horvath (2013), "How to Solve the Price Puzzle? A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 45(1), 37-70.
How long does monetary policy take to affect prices?
Transmission lag of monetary policy to prices: the meta-analytic estimate is 29 months on average, but 25-50 months in developed economies against 10-20 in post-transition ones; the factor explaining that gap is financial development, with greater development meaning slower transmission (prices bottom out 0.9% below baseline after a 1-percentage-point hike), based on 67 published studies (Havranek and Rusnak 2013, International Journal of Central Banking).
Cite as Tomas Havranek & Marek Rusnak (2013), "Transmission Lags of Monetary Policy: A Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Central Banking 9(4), pp. 39-76.
Why does intertemporal substitution differ across countries?
Why intertemporal substitution varies across countries: the meta-analytic finding is income and asset market participation explain most of the cross-country heterogeneity, based on 2,735 estimates from 169 published studies covering 104 countries (Havranek et al. 2015, Journal of International Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Roman Horvath, Zuzana Irsova, and Marek Rusnak (2015), "Cross-Country Heterogeneity in Intertemporal Substitution." Journal of International Economics 96(1), 100-118.
International economics
What is the Armington elasticity between domestic and foreign goods?
Armington elasticity (substitution between domestic and foreign goods): the meta-analytic estimate is 2.5-5.1, median 3.8, based on 3,524 estimates (Bajzik et al. 2020, Journal of International Economics).
Cite as Josef Bajzik, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Jiri Schwarz (2020), "Estimating the Armington Elasticity: The Importance of Study Design and Publication Bias." Journal of International Economics 127, 103383.
How much do national borders reduce international trade?
Border effect on international trade: the meta-analytic finding is one-third reduction in trade, based on 1,271 estimates from 61 studies (Havranek and Irsova 2017, IMF Economic Review).
Cite as Tomas Havranek and Zuzana Irsova (2017), "Do Borders Really Slash Trade? A Meta-Analysis." IMF Economic Review 65(2), 365-396.
What determines the size of horizontal FDI spillovers?
Determinants of horizontal FDI spillovers: the main result is that spillovers are zero on average but depend systematically on the technology gap and ownership structure; encouraging joint ventures with investors holding a smaller technology edge raises the average spillover by about 0.3, based on 1,205 estimates screened against 43 candidate determinants (Irsova and Havranek 2013, World Development).
Cite as Zuzana Irsova & Tomas Havranek (2013), "Determinants of Horizontal Spillovers from FDI: Evidence from a Large Meta-Analysis." World Development 42, 1-15.
Does adopting the euro increase trade between member countries?
Effect of the euro on trade: no detectable effect once publication bias is corrected, while other currency unions raise trade by more than 60% (Havranek 2010, Review of World Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek (2010), "Rose Effect and the Euro: Is the Magic Gone?" Review of World Economics, 146(2), pp. 241-261.
How much do FDI spillovers boost Czech firm productivity?
FDI spillovers to domestic firm productivity (Czech Republic): the meta-analytic estimate is +11% productivity per 10-percentage-point rise in foreign presence (as of 2018; 19% for joint ventures), based on 332 estimates (Hampl et al. 2020, Applied Economics).
Cite as Mojmir Hampl, Tomas Havranek, and Zuzana Irsova (2020), "Foreign Capital and Domestic Productivity in the Czech Republic: A Meta-Regression Analysis." Applied Economics 52(18), 1949-1958.
Is the forward premium puzzle real in currency markets?
Forward premium puzzle (slope from regressions of spot on forward rates): corrected for publication bias, 0.23-0.45 for developed and 0.95-1.16 for emerging currencies (unbiasedness hypothesis predicts slope of 1), based on 3,643 estimates from 91 studies (Zigraiova et al. 2021, European Economic Review).
Cite as Diana Zigraiova, Tomas Havranek, and Jiri Novak (2021), "How Puzzling Is the Forward Premium Puzzle? A Meta-Analysis." European Economic Review 134, 103714.
Do FDI spillovers benefit domestic suppliers and buyers?
Vertical FDI spillovers to suppliers and buyers: the estimate corrected for publication and misspecification bias is about 9% higher productivity for suppliers per 10-percentage-point rise in foreign presence, small for buyers and none within the sector, based on 3,626 estimates (Havranek and Irsova 2011, Journal of International Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek & Zuzana Irsova (2011), "Estimating Vertical Spillovers from FDI: Why Results Vary and What the True Effect Is." Journal of International Economics, 85(2), pp. 234-244.
Financial economics
Does bank competition threaten financial stability?
Effect of bank competition on financial stability: corrected for publication bias, about 0, based on 598 estimates from 31 studies (Zigraiova and Havranek 2016, Journal of Economic Surveys).
The site records this figure as medium confidence.
Cite as Diana Zigraiova and Tomas Havranek (2016), "Bank Competition and Financial Stability: Much Ado About Nothing?" Journal of Economic Surveys 30(5), 944-981.
Does board gender diversity improve ESG performance?
Effect of board gender diversity on ESG performance: the meta-analytic estimate is about 0.12 ESG points per 1-pp diversity increase (higher in the Middle East, about zero in Southeast Asia), based on 533 estimates from 106 studies (Hozova et al. 2026).
Cite as Karolina Hozova, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova (2026), "Do Female Directors Raise ESG Ratings? A Meta-Analysis." Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/esg.
Does financial development boost economic growth?
Effect of financial development on economic growth: the meta-analytic estimate is positive but widely varying; studies ignoring endogeneity overstate it, and the effect weakens after the 1980s and in poorer countries, based on 1,334 estimates from 67 studies (Valickova et al. 2015, Journal of Economic Surveys).
Cite as Petra Valickova, Tomas Havranek, and Roman Horvath (2015), "Financial Development and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Economic Surveys 29(3), 506-526.
Do remittances boost economic growth?
Effect of remittances on economic growth: the meta-analytic finding is positive but economically small (growth-enhancing in Asia but not Africa), based on 538 estimates from 95 studies (Cazachevici et al. 2020, World Development).
Cite as Alina Cazachevici, Tomas Havranek, and Roman Horvath (2020), "Remittances and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis." World Development 134, 105021.
How much alpha do hedge funds generate before fees?
Hedge fund alpha (monthly risk-adjusted return): corrected for publication bias, 30-40 basis points per month (gross of fees; the companion study finds about zero after fees and design), based on 1,019 alpha estimates from 74 studies (Yang et al. 2024, Journal of Economic Surveys).
Cite as Fan Yang, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Jiri Novak (2024), "Is research on hedge fund performance published selectively? A quantitative survey." Journal of Economic Surveys 38(4): 1085-1131.
How large is the size premium in stock returns?
Size premium in stock returns: corrected for publication bias, 1.72% per year (smallest vs. largest capitalization quintile), based on 1,746 estimates from 102 published studies (Astakhov et al. 2019, Journal of Economic Surveys).
Cite as Anton Astakhov, Tomas Havranek, and Jiri Novak (2019), "Firm Size and Stock Returns: A Quantitative Survey." Journal of Economic Surveys 33(5), 1463-1492.
How much do stock prices move after shareholder activism?
Stock-price reaction to shareholder activism: corrected for publication bias, 0% to 1.5%, based on 1,973 estimates from 67 studies (Bajzik et al. 2025, Corporate Governance: An International Review).
Cite as Josef Bajzik, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Jiri Novak (2025), "Does Shareholder Activism Create Value? A Meta-Analysis." Corporate Governance: An International Review 33(5): 1039-1061.
Does stronger rule of law relate to a larger size premium?
Trust, rule of law, and the size premium in stock returns: the meta-analytic finding is stronger rule of law, larger size premium (association in reported estimates, not causal), based on 1,613 estimates from 105 studies and 31 countries (Schwarz et al. 2026).
Cite as Jiri Schwarz, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Jiri Novak (2026), "Trust, Rule of Law, and the Size Premium: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis." Anglo-American University and Charles University, Prague.
What explains the variation in hedge fund alpha?
Variation in hedge fund alphas: the main result is that 9 of 34 study characteristics consistently explain it, above all whether alpha is measured gross or net of fees, a gap of 0.439 percentage points a month; expected alphas under best practice are close to zero for all common strategies, based on 1,019 estimates from 74 studies (Yang et al. 2026).
Cite as Fan Yang, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Jiri Novak (2026), "What Matters in Explaining the Variation in Hedge Fund Performance?" Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/alphas.
Labor and education economics
Does smaller class size improve student achievement?
Effect of class size on student achievement: the meta-analytic estimate is about 0 (except in the STAR experiment and classes under 15 students), based on 2,819 estimates from 66 studies (Opatrny et al. 2025, Journal of Labor Economics).
Cite as Matej Opatrny, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Milan Scasny (2025), "Publication Bias and Model Uncertainty in Measuring the Effect of Class Size on Achievement." Journal of Labor Economics.
Does working while in school hurt academic outcomes?
Effect of working while in school on educational outcomes: the meta-analytic estimate is about 0, slightly negative (more substantive for dropout decisions), based on 861 estimates from 69 studies (Kroupova et al. 2024, Economics of Education Review).
Cite as Katerina Kroupova, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova (2024), "Student Employment and Education: A Meta-Analysis." Economics of Education Review 100, 102539.
How substitutable are native and immigrant workers?
Elasticity of substitution between native and immigrant workers: corrected for publication bias, about 17 (baseline regional specification; simple bias correction implies 22), based on 1,091 estimates from 41 studies (Kantova et al. 2026).
Cite as Klara Kantova, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Jiri Schwarz, (2026), "The Elasticity of Substitution between Native and Immigrant Labor: A Meta-Analysis." Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/migrant.
How substitutable are skilled and unskilled workers?
Elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled labor: the meta-analytic estimate is 4, with a lower bound of 2 and smaller values in developing countries, based on 682 estimates from 77 studies (Havranek et al. 2024, Review of Economics and Statistics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Lubica Laslopova, and Olesia Zeynalova (2024), "Publication and Attenuation Biases in Measuring Skill Substitution." Review of Economics and Statistics 106 (5), 1187-1200.
What is the Frisch elasticity of labor supply?
Frisch elasticity of labor supply (intertemporal substitution in hours worked): the meta-analytic estimate is about 0.25 for total hours (0.2 on the intensive margin, near zero on the extensive), based on over 700 estimates for each margin (Elminejad et al. 2023, Review of Economic Dynamics).
Cite as Ali Elminejad, Tomas Havranek, Roman Horvath, and Zuzana Irsova (2023), "Intertemporal Substitution in Labor Supply: A Meta-Analysis." Review of Economic Dynamics 51, 1095-1113.
How much learning did students lose from COVID-19 school closures?
Learning loss from COVID-19 school closures: the meta-analytic estimate is about -0.12 SD, roughly 30% of a school year (Luskova et al. 2026).
Cite as Martina Luskova, Nino Buliskeria, Ali Elminejad, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Stepan Jurajda, Marek Kapicka (2026), “Publication Bias and P-Hacking in the Effect of COVID-19 on Learning.” Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/learning.
Does raising tuition reduce university enrollment?
Tuition-enrollment elasticity (effect of tuition on university enrollment): corrected for publication bias, about 0, based on 443 estimates from 43 studies (Havranek et al. 2018, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Olesia Zeynalova (2018): "Tuition Fees and University Enrolment: A Meta‐Regression Analysis". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 80(6): 1145-1184.
Micro and experimental economics
How large is the beauty premium in earnings?
Beauty premium in earnings: the meta-analytic estimate is 1.1% (95% CrI -0.8% to 3.0%; controlling for cognitive ability; large only for sex workers), based on 1,159 estimates in 67 studies (Irsova et al. 2025).
Cite as Irsova Zuzana, Havranek Tomas, Borntikova Kseniya, Bartoš František (2025), "Meta-Analysis of Field Studies on Beauty and Professional Success." Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/beauty.
What is the coefficient of relative risk aversion?
Coefficient of relative risk aversion: corrected for publication bias, 1 in economics, 2-7 in finance (from consumption Euler equation studies), based on 1,021 estimates from 92 studies (Elminejad et al. 2025, Journal of Economic Surveys).
Cite as Ali Elminejad, Tomas Havranek, and Zuzana Irsova (2025), "Relative Risk Aversion: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Economic Surveys, 39(5): 2315-2333.
Do financial incentives improve performance?
Effect of financial incentives on performance: corrected for publication bias, about 0 (field contexts; lab and loss framing modestly positive), based on 2,193 estimates from 88 economics experiments (Cala et al. 2026, Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics, forthcoming).
Cite as Petr Cala, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Martina Luskova, Jindrich Matousek, and Jiri Novak (2026), "Financial Incentives and Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Experiments in Economics." Journal of Political Economy Microeconomics, forthcoming.
Does physical exercise improve cognition?
Effect of physical exercise on cognition: corrected for publication bias, SMD 0.227 for general cognition, 0.027 for memory and 0.012 for executive function (wide prediction intervals spanning negative and positive effects), based on 2,239 effect-size estimates from 215 meta-analyses (Bartoš et al. 2025).
Cite as František Bartoš, Martina Lušková, Kseniya Bortnikova, Karolína Hozová, Klara Kantova, Zuzana Irsova, Tomas Havranek (2025), "Effect of Exercise on Cognition, Memory, and Executive Function: A Study-Level Meta-Meta-Analysis Across Populations and Exercise Categories," available at osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/qr8e2_v1.
How strong is habit formation in consumption?
Habit formation in consumption: the meta-analytic estimate is 0.4 (macro 0.6, micro 0.1; mean reported estimate, with no correction for publication bias), based on 597 estimates from 81 published studies (Havranek et al. 2017, European Economic Review).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Marek Rusnak, and Anna Sokolova (2017), "Habit Formation in Consumption: A Meta-Analysis." European Economic Review 95, 142-167.
How impatient are people in experiments?
Individual discount rate (impatience measured in experiments): corrected for publication bias, 33% per year, based on 927 estimates from 56 studies (Matousek et al. 2022, Experimental Economics).
Cite as Jindrich Matousek, Tomas Havranek, and Zuzana Irsova (2022), "Individual Discount Rates: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Evidence." Experimental Economics 25(1), 318-358.
Energy and environmental economics
What does the historical record imply about climate sensitivity?
Climate sensitivity (warming from a doubling of CO2): corrected for publication bias, 1.4-2.3 degrees Celsius (historical-record estimate; the IPCC AR6 assessment is about 3 C), based on 48 estimates from 16 studies (Reckova and Irsova 2015, Energy and Environment).
Cite as Dominika Reckova and Zuzana Irsova (2015), "Publication Bias in Measuring Anthropogenic Climate Change." Energy and Environment 26 (5), 853-862.
Does daylight saving time reduce electricity use?
Electricity savings from daylight saving time: the best-practice estimate is essentially zero, 0.01% savings, against a 0.34% simple average of reported estimates (savings during the days DST applies; the paper finds no publication bias in this literature, so this is a methodological correction), based on 162 estimates from 44 studies (Havranek et al. 2018, Energy Journal).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Dominik Herman, and Zuzana Irsova (2018), "Does Daylight Saving Save Electricity? A Meta-Analysis." Energy Journal 39(2), 35-61.
How much does gasoline demand rise with income?
Income elasticity of gasoline demand: corrected for publication bias, 0.1 short run, 0.23 long run (Havranek and Kokes 2015, Energy Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek and Ondrej Kokes (2015), "Income Elasticity of Gasoline Demand: A Meta-Analysis." Energy Economics 47, pp. 77-86.
How much does water demand rise with income?
Income elasticity of water demand: corrected for publication bias, about 0.15 or less, based on 307 estimates (Havranek et al. 2018, Land Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Tomas Vlach (2018), "Measuring the Income Elasticity of Water Demand: The Importance of Publication and Endogeneity Biases." Land Economics 94(2): 259-283.
Does having abundant natural resources hurt long-run economic growth?
Natural resource curse (effect of resource richness on long-run growth): the meta-analytic finding is weak support for a curse, based on 605 estimates from 43 studies (Havranek et al. 2016, World Development).
The site records this figure as medium confidence.
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Roman Horvath, and Ayaz Zeynalov (2016), "Natural Resources and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis." World Development 88, 134-151.
How much does electricity demand fall when prices rise?
Price elasticity of electricity demand: corrected for publication bias, -0.16 short run, -0.38 long run (best-identified short-run estimates statistically indistinguishable from zero), based on 4,720 estimates from 462 studies (Kudela et al. 2026).
Cite as Peter Kudela, Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Anna Kudelova, Vojtech Sikl (2026), “Electricity demand has not become more price-responsive despite ninety years of technological change.” Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/electricity.
How much does gasoline demand fall when prices rise?
Price elasticity of gasoline demand: corrected for publication bias, -0.09 short run, -0.31 long run (Havranek et al. 2012, Energy Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, and Karel Janda (2012), "Demand for Gasoline is More Price-Inelastic than Commonly Thought," Energy Economics 34(1), pp. 201-207.
What is the social cost of carbon?
Social cost of carbon: corrected for publication bias, 0-134 USD per metric ton of carbon (2010 prices, emission year 2015; per ton of carbon, not CO2), based on 809 estimates from 101 studies (Havranek et al. 2015, Energy Economics).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Karel Janda, and David Zilberman (2015), "Selective Reporting and the Social Cost of Carbon." Energy Economics 51, 364-406.
Meta-research methods
Are meta-analyses of correlations biased?
Bias in meta-analyses of correlations: the methodological finding is that conventional fixed- and random-effects estimators are biased; the UWLS+3 and Hunter-Schmidt estimators correct this (Stanley et al. 2025, Research Synthesis Methods).
Cite as T. D. Stanley, Hristos Doucouliagos, and Tomas Havranek (2025): "Reducing the biases of the conventional meta-analysis of correlations." Research Synthesis Methods 16(1): 42-59.
Are meta-analyses of partial correlations biased?
Bias in meta-analyses of partial correlations: the methodological finding is that all such meta-analyses are biased; the UWLS+3 weighted average corrects them (Stanley et al. 2024, Research Synthesis Methods).
Cite as T. D. Stanley, Hristos Doucouliagos, and Tomas Havranek (2024): "Meta-analyses of partial correlations are biased: Detection and solutions." Research Synthesis Methods 15: 313-325.
How should researchers conduct a modern meta-analysis?
How to run a modern meta-analysis: a concise, nontechnical, step-by-step guide for practitioners, treating publication bias, p-hacking and heterogeneity as problems every meta-analyst must confront (Irsova et al. 2024, Journal of Economic Surveys).
Cite as Zuzana Irsova, Hristos Doucouliagos, Tomas Havranek, and T. D. Stanley (2024): "Meta-Analysis of Social Science Research: A Practitioner’s Guide." Journal of Economic Surveys 38(5): 1547-1566.
How sensitive are meta-analysis results to outlier handling?
Sensitivity of meta-analysis results to outlier handling: the methodological finding is median shift at most 0.047 (Cohen's d); significance flips in 11.5% of cases (across four pre-registered outlier treatments and two estimators), based on 358 behavioral science meta-analyses (Havranek et al. 2026).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova, Martina Luskova, T. D. Stanley (2026), "Do decisions about outliers and influential effects matter? Evidence from 358 behavioral science meta-analyses." Charles University, Prague. Available at meta-analysis.cz/outliers.
Can p-hacked precision distort meta-analysis weighting?
Spurious precision in meta-analysis (the MAIVE estimator): the methodological finding is estimated precision can be p-hacked, which invalidates inverse-variance weighting; MAIVE instruments variance with sample size (Irsova et al. 2025, Nature Communications).
Cite as Zuzana Irsova, Pedro Bom, Tomas Havranek, and Heiko Rachinger (2025): "Spurious Precision in Meta-Analysis of Observational Research." Nature Communications 16, 8454. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63261-0
Does multi-agent AI debate improve feedback on research papers?
Whether multi-agent AI debate improves feedback on research papers: it does not; authors of 44 meta-analyses preferred a single frontier-model pass to two multi-agent debate tools, based on a pre-registered, identity-masked experiment (Havranek and Irsova 2026).
Cite as Tomas Havranek, Zuzana Irsova (2026), "Does Multi-Agent Debate Improve AI Feedback on Research Papers?" arXiv:2607.14713. Available at meta-analysis.cz/debate.